Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Understanding, Managing, and Treating ADHD
Written by
Dr. Bessy Martirosyan
Reviewed by
Dr. Ellen Machikawa
Table of Contents
Understanding ADHD: Educational Video
📹 This educational video provides comprehensive insights into ADHD symptoms, causes, and treatment approaches to help you better understand this condition.
Overview
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder – Staying focused is too tough
ADHD is a significant mental health issue that causes excessive impulsivity and hyperactivity. Understanding and managing ADHD can significantly improve quality of life.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a significant mental health issue that causes excessive impulsivity and hyperactivity. Individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder might struggle to organize tasks, concentrate on specific work, or remain still for extended periods.
Many people endure inattention and energy fluctuations. This occurs more frequently and to a greater extent in people with ADHD than those without the disorder. It can substantially impact their schooling, employment, and personal lives.
In kids, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most usually diagnosed mental condition, and it is more common in boys than in girls. It's commonly detected in early elementary school when a youngster exhibits attention issues. ADHD affects approximately 8.4% of kids and 2.5 percent of adults.
Key Facts About ADHD:
- ADHD cannot be healed or avoided, but can be effectively managed
- Early diagnosis and treatment lead to better outcomes
- Affects approximately 8.4% of children and 2.5% of adults
- Recognized by the American Psychiatric Association (APA)
Causes of ADHD
What triggers ADHD is unknown to experts. Several factors could cause it:
Primary Factors
- • Genes – ADHD runs through generations
- • Brain disorder or injury
- • Brain alterations in attention areas
- • Chemical imbalances in the brain
Environmental Factors
- • Toxins (lead exposure)
- • Poor nutrition during pregnancy
- • Infections during pregnancy
- • Substance abuse during pregnancy
Research Findings
According to research, dopamine deficiency is one of the prime reasons for ADHD. Dopamine is a brain molecule that aids in transmitting signals from one nerve to another, and it aids in eliciting emotional responses and motions.
Other studies show brain structural differences, with patients with ADHD possessing a low volume of gray matter in areas that aid in self-control, decision making, speech, and body muscle control.
Symptoms
ADHD symptoms fall into three main categories: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Some people have primarily inattentive symptoms, others have mainly hyperactive and impulsive symptoms, and many have a combination.
Inattention Symptoms
- • Can't follow instructions and fails to finish schoolwork or chores
- • Has problems organizing tasks and activities
- • Dislikes work requiring sustained mental effort
- • Often misplaces things like toys, pencils, books, assignments
- • Is easily distracted and daydreams often
- • Is often forgetful in daily activities
- • Shows lack of attention to detail
- • Makes mindless mistakes in schoolwork
- • Doesn't seem to listen during conversations
Hyperactivity Symptoms
- • Squirms while sitting
- • Fidgets with hands or feet
- • Leaves seat when remaining seated is expected
- • Runs about or climbs in inappropriate situations
- • Has problems playing or working quietly
- • Is often "on the go," acts as if "driven by a motor"
- • Talks excessively
Impulsivity Symptoms
- • Jabber, without carefully listening to any question
- • Has difficulty awaiting their turn
- • Interrupts other people during conversations or activities
Diagnosis
ADHD can't be tested with a single test. To diagnose the condition properly, the doctor should examine the patient using multiple examinations and speak with people who are familiar with the patient.
DSM-5 Criteria
The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is used for ADHD diagnosis. For an ADHD diagnosis, doctors look for:
- Six or more symptoms of inattention for children up to age 16 years, or five or more for adolescents 17 years and older
- Six or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity for children up to age 16, or five or more for adolescents 17 years and older
- Symptoms should be present for at least 6 months
- Symptoms should be inappropriate for developmental level
- Symptoms interfere with functioning in school or work
Risk Factors
The following factors may increase the risk of developing ADHD:
Genetic Risk Factors
- • Family history of ADHD or other mental health disorders
- • Gender - Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with ADHD
Environmental Risk Factors
- • Lead exposure
- • Premature delivery
- • Low birth weight
- • Alcohol or tobacco use during pregnancy
Treatment
While there's no cure for ADHD, effective treatments can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Treatment typically includes behavioral therapy, medication, or both.
Behavioral Therapy
For children 6 years of age and older, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends behavioral therapy and medication as the best treatment for ADHD.
- Parent behavior management training
- Behavioral classroom management
- Peer interventions focusing on behavior
Medication
Different types of medication can help manage ADHD symptoms:
Stimulants
- • Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)
- • Amphetamine (Adderall, Vyvanse)
Non-stimulants
- • Atomoxetine (Strattera)
- • Guanfacine (Intuniv)
- • Clonidine (Kapvay)
Natural Treatment Options
- Regular physical exercise
- Mindfulness and meditation
- Structured diet and sleep routines
- Limiting screen time
Co-existing Conditions
ADHD often occurs alongside other mental health conditions. Recognizing and treating these co-existing conditions is important for comprehensive care.
Common Co-existing Conditions
- Learning disabilities
- Anxiety disorders
- Depression
- Oppositional defiant disorder
- Conduct disorder
- Tourette syndrome
Treatment Implications
When ADHD occurs with other conditions:
- Treatment may be more complex
- Multiple specialists may be needed
- Comprehensive evaluation is essential
- Coordinated care improves outcomes
Frequently Asked Questions
Get expert answers to the most common questions about ADHD, symptoms, treatment options, and what to expect
Can ADHD be cured?
ADHD cannot be cured, but it can be effectively managed with proper treatment, including behavioral therapy, medication, and lifestyle changes. Many people with ADHD lead successful, fulfilling lives with appropriate support and management strategies.
Management Focus
Treatment focuses on symptom management and developing coping strategies for long-term success.
Do children outgrow ADHD?
While symptoms may change as children mature, ADHD is typically a lifelong condition. Some people may find their symptoms become more manageable as they develop coping strategies and their brains continue to mature, but the condition usually persists into adulthood.
Lifelong Journey
ADHD evolves with age - symptoms change but rarely disappear completely without proper management.
Is ADHD medication safe for children?
ADHD medications are generally safe when prescribed and monitored by a healthcare professional. Like all medications, they can have side effects, but these are typically mild and manageable. The benefits of treatment often significantly outweigh the risks for most children with ADHD.
Safety Profile
FDA-approved medications with decades of research showing safety and effectiveness in children.
What should I do if I suspect my child has ADHD?
If you suspect your child has ADHD, start by consulting your child's pediatrician or family doctor. They can perform an initial evaluation and refer you to specialists if needed. Keep detailed notes about your child's behavior in different settings (home, school, social situations) to help with the assessment process.
Next Steps
Early evaluation and intervention lead to better outcomes and improved quality of life.
Can adults develop ADHD, or is it only a childhood condition?
ADHD typically begins in childhood, but it may not be diagnosed until adulthood. Adults don't suddenly develop ADHD; rather, they may finally receive a diagnosis for symptoms that have been present since childhood but were previously unrecognized or misunderstood.
Adult Diagnosis
Many adults receive their first ADHD diagnosis later in life as awareness and understanding improve.
References
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). What is ADHD? Retrieved from CDC ADHD Information
- National Institute of Mental Health. (2019). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Retrieved from NIMH
- American Academy of Pediatrics. (2019). ADHD: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Treatment